Introduction In the 1930s, the Christian Church in Europe achieved great power. Without her participation or influence, not a single major event took place. Medieval religious thinkers argued that the world created by God was reasonable and harmonious. There are three layers or classes in society, and every person belongs to one of them from birth. All three classes are necessary for each other.

The wealth of the church: Tithe Payment for the Worship of holy relics Will and gifts - “for the remembrance of the soul” Payment for the rites of the Earth Sale of indulgences Sale of positions The church was the largest landowner and possessed enormous wealth. She owned about a third of the cultivated land. Bishops and monasteries had hundreds and sometimes thousands of dependent peasants.

The popes arrogated to themselves the right to forgive the crimes and sins of believers for money. The monks sold letters of forgiveness of sins - indulgences (translated from Latin as “mercy”), which promised salvation from hellish torment. The trade in indulgences brought huge profits to the popes and aroused the indignation of true believing citizens. indulgences

Division of churches: In 1054, the Catholic (“worldwide” Orthodox (“rightly glorifying God”) was divided. Reasons p.

1. differences in rituals and teachings. 2. In fragmented Western Europe, the church retained a single language of worship - Latin. The Eastern Church conducted services in Greek, but allowed church services in local languages. 3. In the West, it was forbidden for all clergy to marry, but in the East - only monks, and priests were married. 4. Even outwardly, Eastern priests differed from Western ones: they did not shave their beards or cut the hair on the crown of their head. Features

4. The path to Canossa. From the middle of the 9th century, the power of the pope was extremely weakened, its decline lasted for about two centuries. This was facilitated by the collapse of the Frankish Empire, whose rulers supported the pope. After the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, proteges of the German emperors were elevated to the papal throne. The Church was losing influence on believers, its authority fell. A movement began in the Catholic Church to strengthen papal power. Gregory VII () was elected pope. Unprepossessing in appearance, but warlike, capable and strong-willed, he was a man of indomitable energy and frantic fanaticism. Gregory VII wanted to subordinate all secular sovereigns to the Pope. Gregory VII Gregory VII

4. The path to Canossa. A bitter struggle broke out between Gregory VII and the German king Henry IV, who became Holy Roman Emperor, over who should have the right to appoint bishops. The king announced that Pope Gregory VII would henceforth lose power. He ended his letter to the pope with the words: “We, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all our bishops say to you: get out!” In response to this message, Gregory VII released Henry's subjects from the oath of allegiance to the king and announced that he was deposing him from the throne. Taking advantage of this, the major feudal lords of Germany rebelled against Henry IV.Henry IV Henry IV Gregory VII

4. The path to Canossa. The king was forced to seek reconciliation with the pope. In 1077, with a small retinue, he set out across the Alps to Italy. The Pope took refuge in Canossa Castle in the north of the country. For three days, Henry IV came to the castle walls in the clothes of a repentant sinner - in a shirt and barefoot. Finally he was allowed to see the pope and begged his forgiveness. But, having dealt with the rebellion of the feudal lords, Henry IV resumed the war against the pope and moved with his army to Italy. Fierce battles between the Romans and the troops of the German king took place on the streets of the Eternal City. The Normans arrived from the south of Italy to help the pope, besieged in the Castle of St. Angel, but the “helpers” plundered the city. Gregory VII was forced to leave with the Normans to the south of Italy, where he soon died. Canossa The struggle between the popes and the emperors continued for more than 200 years with varying success. The feudal lords and cities of Germany and Italy were drawn into it, taking sides. Humiliation of Gregory VII at Canossa Exile of Gregory VII

5. Viceroy of God on Earth. In Western Europe, fragmented into many fiefdoms, the Catholic Church was the only cohesive organization. This allowed popes to fight for dominance over secular sovereigns. The main support of the popes were bishops and monasteries. The power of the pope reached its highest power under Innocent III (), elected pope at the age of 37. Innocent III Innocent III

5. Viceroy of God on Earth. Innocent III expanded the borders of the Papal States. He interfered in relations between states and in the internal affairs of European countries. At one time the pope elevated and deposed emperors. He was considered the highest judge in the Catholic world. The kings of England, Poland, and some states of the Iberian Peninsula recognized themselves as vassals of the pope. Innocent III blesses Francis of Assisi

6. What were the heretics opposed to? Many people did not like the actions of the church, its money-grubbing, and the corruption of the clergy. Among the townspeople, knights, ordinary priests and monks, from time to time there appeared people who openly criticized the church. The clergy called such people heretics. 1. Heretics claimed that the church was corrupt. They called the pope the deputy of the devil, not God. The dispute between Saint Dominic and the “apostates” Pierre Waldo, creator of the Waldensian doctrine

6. What were the heretics opposed to? 2. Heretics rejected expensive church rituals and magnificent services. 3. They demanded that the clergy give up their tithes, their land holdings and wealth. 4. In their sermons, heretics condemned priests and monks for forgetting “apostolic poverty.” 5. Some heretics demanded the renunciation of all property or dreamed of equality in property or predicted that in the near future there would come a “thousand-year reign of justice,” or “the Kingdom of God on earth.” One of the heretical movements is iconoclasm

The struggle of the church against heretics: Church ministers in all countries persecuted heretics and dealt cruelly with them. Excommunication from the church was considered a terrible punishment. He who was excommunicated from the church was outlawed: believers had no right to help him or give him shelter. Punishing disobedience, the pope could impose on a region or even an entire country a ban on performing rituals and worship (interdict). Then churches were closed, babies remained unbaptized, and funeral services for the dead could not be performed. This means that both of them were doomed to hellish torment, which all Christian believers feared.

The fight of the church against heretics: In an area where there were many heretics, the church organized military campaigns, promising the participants forgiveness of sins. At the beginning of the 13th century, feudal lords went to punish Albigensian heretics in the rich regions of Southern France; their center was the city of Albi. The Albigensians believed that the entire earthly world (and therefore the church led by the pope) is the creation of Satan, and a person can save his soul only if he completely breaks with the sinful world. The northern French knights willingly took part in the campaign, counting on rich booty. During the 20 years of war, many prosperous cities of Southern France were plundered and destroyed, and their population was killed

Inquisition: To strengthen his power and fight heretics, the pope created a special church court - the Inquisition (“investigation”). The accused were imprisoned and subjected to severe torture, trying to extract from them a confession of their guilt. They burned their legs over low heat and crushed their bones in a special vice. Many, unable to withstand the torment, slandered themselves and other innocent people. Those who confessed to heresy received various punishments, including imprisonment or death. burn alive at the stake. the Inquisition

Mendicant orders of monks. Seeing how people revered people living in poverty, the popes formed orders of mendicant monastic preachers at the beginning of the 13th century. The founder of one of the orders, Italian Francis of Assisi (), the son of wealthy parents, who became a monk, preached the love of people not only for each other, but also for all living things: animals, trees, flowers and even sunlight. Wandering around Italy, he invited people to repent of their sins and live off alms. And so Innocent III established the Franciscan Order, and the church later declared Francis himself a saint. Francis of Assisi Saint Francis of Assisi

Mendicant orders of monks. The son of a Spanish nobleman, the fanatical monk Dominic Guzman () founded the Dominican order. The Dominicans called themselves "dogs of God" (in Latin - "Domini Canes"). Considering the main goal to be the fight against heretics, the Dominicans made up the majority of judges and ministers of the Inquisition. Their banner depicted a dog with a torch in its mouth as a symbol of the search and persecution of heretics. Dominic Guzman Saint Dominic leading the auto-da-fé Saint Dominic

Objectives: - to introduce students to the role of the Catholic Church and the power of papal power in the Middle Ages;

Find out how the church fought against apostates - heretics;

Develop the ability to work with information and find what you need.

Equipment: computer, presentation,
During the classes.

1. Org. start of the lesson.

2. Checking homework.

Citizens and their way of life.

(http://www.strawberry-magazine.ru/history-8)

Find errors in the text and correct them.

Wilhelm, an apprentice of one of the bakers' workshops, was hurrying along a wide, straight street like an arrow to a workshop meeting. The shop foremen gathered to discuss urgent matters.

Suddenly someone called out to Wilhelm. His friend Hans, who had recently moved to the city, was looking out from the window of the gunsmith’s workshop. Just think, three months ago he was a dependent peasant, and now he is a free man. In vain the baron, his master, demanded that the members of the city council return the fugitive peasant. Those, citing the rights granted to the city and the period that Hans lived within the city limits, refused him this.

And here is the market square, city guards are leading two burghers who did not get along with each other to the town hall. In the heat of a quarrel, one of the unlucky townspeople pushed another, and he fell straight onto a tray with dishes, interrupting all the goods. The crockery merchant trails behind, lamenting and counting his losses. Suddenly he notices Wilhelm and, gloomily looking at him, hurries to leave. Wilhelm recognizes him, he used to be a member of their workshop, but was unable to avoid the competition of his more successful brothers: they lured away all the customers and buyers from him, and the bankrupt members of the workshop were immediately expelled from it - that’s what the charter said.

3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

(sl. 3) Plan

First estate.
The wealth of the church.
Division of churches.
The road to Canossa.
Viceroy of God on Earth.
Heretics.
Inquisition.
Mendicant orders of monks.

4. Learning new material:

First estate.

Medieval religious thinkers argued that the world created by God was reasonable and harmonious. There are three layers or classes in society, and every person belongs to one of them from birth.

What is an estate? (large groups of people with the same rights and responsibilities that are inherited.

(v. 4) - All three classes are necessary for each other:

1) The first estate - “those who pray” (monks and priests) - intercede for people before God.

2) Second - “those who fight” (secular feudal lords) - protect Christians from enemies.

3) Third - “those who work” - who are not included in the first two classes, and first of all peasants, but also city dwellers who obtain for everyone everything that is necessary for life. The presence of classes with different rights and prestige is an important feature of medieval society

(f. 5) The clergy was classified as the first, most important estate. After all, the church was considered a mediator between people and God and taught how a person can achieve eternal bliss after death.

What did Christian morality teach?

(sl. 6) Christian morality demanded that you follow the moral rules listed in the Bible, including treating people the way you want to be treated.

The preaching of the church softened cruel morals and improved people's behavior. The Church taught us to never lose hope. It was believed that a sinner and even a criminal could save his soul by repentance and confession, that is, by sincerely telling a priest about his sins, who would pray to God to forgive the repentant sinner.
- Who do you think the church considered as a role model?
(The model was considered to be a holy man who renounced earthly worries and temptations) (page 7) The saint was represented as poor, even a beggar, who had renounced property - after all, property distracts from worries about the salvation of the soul, it is associated with greed and enmity. “Despise earthly riches,” said one church leader, “so that you can gain heavenly riches.”

The Church called for good deeds to save your soul and earn a place in heaven.

Do you think people cared about saving their souls? Who?

(Noble kings, merchants and even poor people tried to help the poor, the wretched, the crippled, prisoners, gave them small money, fed them. Official Christian morality did not approve of the pursuit of wealth, because the Gospel said: “It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than the rich man will go to heaven."

What do you think the church spent the donations it received on?

The church was obliged to spend part of its income on helping the poor, the poor and the sick: it distributed food during famine, maintained hospitals for the poor, shelters for orphans and the elderly, and shelters for the homeless.

2) independent work:

Read the paragraph on pp. 125 - 126 “The Wealth of the Church”, write down in your notebook the sources of enrichment of the church

(page 10) - check.

1) the church was the largest landowner and possessed enormous wealth. She owned about a third of the cultivated land. Bishops and monasteries had hundreds and sometimes thousands of dependent peasants.
2) The church collected tithes from the entire population of Western Europe - a special tax for the maintenance of the clergy and churches.

3) payment for rituals: believers also paid priests for weddings and other church rites.

4) Many bequeathed and donated land, money and other property to the church - “for the memorial of their souls.”
5) veneration of holy relics: sacred relics (“remains”) were displayed in churches: the hair of Christ, fragments of the cross on which he was crucified, the nails with which he was nailed to the cross, as well as relics - the remains of the bodies of holy martyrs. Believers were convinced that touching shrines would heal the sick and disabled.
6) The popes arrogated to themselves the right to forgive the crimes and sins of believers for money. The monks sold letters of forgiveness of sins - indulgences (translated from Latin as “mercy”), which promised salvation from hellish torment. The trade in indulgences brought huge profits to the popes and aroused the indignation of true believing citizens.
7) sale of positions

Following the Bible in condemning usury, the church, however, itself was engaged in this profitable business, lending grain and other products on the security of land and property, which it then appropriated. The Church preached Christian love and poverty, but itself increased its wealth, and not always in honest ways.

3) teacher's story:
Division of churches.
(fn. 11) Until the middle of the 11th century, the Christian Church was considered one. But in Western Europe the head of the church was the Pope, and in Byzantium it was the Patriarch of Constantinople, subordinate to the emperor.
- Remember and tell me which peoples professed the Christian faith?
(some peoples of Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula.)

But the Pope wanted to subordinate the church in these countries to his power. The Byzantine Church opposed the pope's interference in its affairs. There was a bitter struggle between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople over dominance over the Christian Church.
-What do you think, were there any differences between these churches?

Let's read about this (p. 126 - from the words “Between the churches in the West and the East...”).
(f. 12) In 1054, during another conflict, the pope and the patriarch cursed each other. There was a final division of the Christian Church into Western and Eastern. Since then, the Western Church began to be called Catholic (which means “worldwide”), and the Eastern Church - Orthodox (that is, “correctly glorifying God”). After the separation, both churches became completely independent.

4) work according to the textbook:

The road to Canossa.

From the middle of the 9th century, the power of the pope was extremely weakened, its decline lasted for about two centuries. This was facilitated by the collapse of the Frankish Empire, whose rulers supported the pope. After the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, proteges of the German emperors were elevated to the papal throne. The Church was losing influence on believers, its authority fell.
- A movement began in the Catholic Church to strengthen papal power. Gregory VII (1073-1085) was elected pope. Unprepossessing in appearance, but warlike, capable and strong-willed, he was a man of indomitable energy and frantic fanaticism. Gregory VII wanted the complete subordination of all secular sovereigns to the Pope.
(fn. 13) A fierce struggle broke out between Gregory VII and the German king Henry IV, who became the Holy Roman Emperor, over who should have the right to appoint bishops. The king announced that Pope Gregory VII would henceforth lose power. He ended his letter to the pope with the words: “We, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all our bishops say to you: get out!” In response to this message, Gregory VII released Henry's subjects from the oath of allegiance to the king and announced that he was deposing him from the throne. Taking advantage of this, the major feudal lords of Germany rebelled against Henry IV.
(fn. 14) The king was forced to seek reconciliation with the pope. In 1077, with a small retinue, he set out across the Alps to Italy. The Pope took refuge in Canossa Castle in the north of the country. For three days, Henry IV came to the castle walls in the clothes of a repentant sinner - in a shirt and barefoot. Finally he was allowed to see the pope and begged his forgiveness. But, having dealt with the rebellion of the feudal lords, Henry IV resumed the war against the pope and moved with his army to Italy. Fierce battles between the Romans and the troops of the German king took place on the streets of the Eternal City. The Normans arrived from the south of Italy to help the pope, besieged in the Castle of St. Angel, but the “helpers” plundered the city. Gregory VII was forced to leave with the Normans to the south of Italy, where he soon died.
- The struggle between popes and emperors continued for more than 200 years with varying success. The feudal lords and cities of Germany and Italy were drawn into it, taking sides.

5) teacher's story:
Viceroy of God on Earth.
- In Western Europe, fragmented into many fiefdoms, the Catholic Church was the only cohesive organization. This allowed popes to fight for dominance over secular sovereigns. The main support of the popes were bishops and monasteries.
(f. 15) The power of the pope reached its highest power under Innocent III (1198-1216), elected pope at the age of 37. He was endowed with a strong will, great intelligence and abilities. Innocent argued that the pope was not only the successor of the Apostle Peter, but also the vicar of God himself on Earth, called to “rule over all nations and kingdoms.” At ceremonial receptions, everyone had to kneel before the pope and kiss his shoe. No king in Europe used such badges of honor.

(fn. 16) Innocent III expanded the borders of the Papal States. He interfered in relations between states and in the internal affairs of European countries. At one time the pope elevated and deposed emperors. He was considered the highest judge in the Catholic world. The kings of England, Poland, and some states of the Iberian Peninsula recognized themselves as vassals of the pope.

6) independent work
Read the material on pp. 129-130 and answer the question: “What were the heretics opposed?”
heretics are people who openly criticized the existing provisions of the church.

1) claimed that the church was corrupt.

2) they rejected expensive church rituals and magnificent services.

3) demanded that the clergy renounce their tithes, their land holdings and wealth. The only source of faith for them was the Gospel.

4) they condemned priests and monks for forgetting “apostolic poverty.”

5) set an example of a righteous life: they distributed their property to the poor and ate alms.
- Some heretics demanded the renunciation of all property or dreamed of equality in property or predicted that in the near future there would come a “thousand-year reign of justice,” or “the Kingdom of God on earth.”
7) teacher's story:

How do you think the church treated heretics?

How did she fight them?
(pages 18 - 19) Church ministers in all countries persecuted heretics and brutally dealt with them. Excommunication from the church was considered a terrible punishment. He who was excommunicated from the church was outlawed: believers had no right to help him or give him shelter.

Punishing disobedience, the pope could impose on a region or even an entire country a ban on performing rituals and worship (interdict). Then churches were closed, babies remained unbaptized, and funeral services for the dead could not be performed. This means that both of them were doomed to hellish torment, which all Christian believers feared.

In an area where there were many heretics, the church organized military campaigns
- The northern French knights willingly took part in the campaign, counting on rich booty. During the 20 years of war, many prosperous cities of southern France were plundered and destroyed, and their population was killed. In one of the cities, according to the chronicler, soldiers killed up to 20 thousand people. When the papal ambassador was asked how to distinguish heretics from “good Catholics,” he replied: “Kill everyone. God in heaven will recognize his own!”
Inquisition.

(sl. 20 - 25)
To strengthen his power and fight against heretics, the pope created a special church court in the 13th century - the Inquisition (translated from Latin as “investigation”). In this struggle, the Inquisition used surveillance and denunciations. The accused were imprisoned and subjected to severe torture, trying to extract from them a confession of their guilt. They burned their legs over low heat and crushed their bones in a special vice. Many, unable to withstand the torment, slandered themselves and other innocent people. Those who confessed to heresy received various punishments, including imprisonment or death. Handing over the condemned man to the authorities, the church ministers asked to show him mercy - to kill him “without shedding blood.” This meant that he had to be burned alive at the stake.
Mendicant orders of monks.
(fn. 26) Seeing how the people revered people living in poverty, the popes formed orders of mendicant monastic preachers at the beginning of the 13th century.

An order is an organization of monks or knights with its own goals and rules of conduct.

The founder of one of the orders, Italian Francis of Assisi (1181-1226), the son of wealthy parents who became a monk, preached the love of people not only for each other, but also for all living things: animals, trees, flowers and even sunlight. Wandering around Italy, he invited people to repent of their sins and live off alms. And so Innocent III established the Franciscan Order, and Francis himself was later declared a saint by the church.

(fn. 27) The son of a Spanish nobleman, the fanatical monk Dominic Guzman (1170-1221) founded the Dominican order. The Dominicans called themselves "dogs of God" (in Latin - "Domini Canes"). Considering the main goal to be the fight against heretics, the Dominicans made up the majority of judges and ministers of the Inquisition. Their banner depicted a dog with a torch in its mouth as a symbol of the search and persecution of heretics.

5. Summing up the lesson:

Questions on page 123.

6. Reflection:

Today in class I learned...

It was easy for me...

I had difficulties with...

7. Homework:

Paragraph 15, entries, question 7, 8 or 9 in writing

Related educational materials:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

History lesson of the Middle Ages in 6th grade Teacher Grigoriev A.P. The power of papal power. Catholic Church and heretics

The main classes of medieval society The wealth of the church The division of churches in 1054 Heretics and the fight against them Lesson plan

What role did the Catholic Church play in the life of medieval society? Lesson assignment:

What is the reason for the emergence of new cities? crafts were separated from agriculture, the development of trade, the strengthening of feudal land tenure, wars between states. Let us repeat what we have learned:

Where did the cities appear? at the intersection of trade routes at bridges and sea harbors at the walls of large monasteries and feudal castles, everything indicated is true. Let us repeat and learn

Why did the townspeople fence the city with a ditch and rampart? to protect against attacks from enemies to mark the boundaries of the city to protect against the evil eye of envious people Let’s repeat what we have learned

Why did city residents fight with the lords? they wanted to free themselves from the influence and extortions of the feudal lords, the lords did not invest money in the development of crafts in the cities there were many unemployed soldiers in the household Let us repeat what we have learned

What is a fair? large area annual auction tax collection place Let's repeat what we have learned

City council building in a medieval city city hall senate town hall council Let's repeat what we have learned

What was the name of the city whose inhabitants were able to win the fight against the lord? commune metropolis colony municipality Let's repeat what we learned

The structure of medieval society The clergy belonged to the First Estate, the most important. After all, the church was considered a mediator between people and God!!!

The structure of medieval society Those who pray Those who fight Those who work

Read section 2 on pp. 125-126 and answer questions orally 1. What is a tithe? 2. What are sacred relics and relics? 3. What were the special papal letters for forgiveness of sins called? 4. How else did the Catholic Church obtain its wealth? The Wealth of the Church

Indulgence is a special papal letter, the purchase of which guaranteed remission of all sins.

What constituted the wealth of the church

Eastern Church (Orthodox) Western Church (Catholic) Head of the Church Language of worship Who should not marry Division of churches 1054 Read section 3 on page 126 and complete the table Byzantine Patriarch Pope Greek or local languages ​​Latin Monks only All priests Make a conclusion : Were there strong differences between the Eastern and Western Christian churches?

Dogmas (truths in religion that do not require proof) in Christianity: The Doctrine of the Trinity About the Immaculate Conception of Christ (from the Spirit of God) The Church is the only mediator between God and people Heretics and the fight against them But! Not everyone understood the dogmas and knew how to read the Bible. Distortion of the teachings of the church. The emergence of heresies.

A heretic is an opponent of the doctrine of the church. Execution of heretics in the Middle Ages.

What main classes existed in medieval society? Let's consolidate what we've learned!

What constituted the wealth of the Catholic Church?

Paragraph 15, section 1,2,3,7 retelling Homework

Chapter 6. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE XI-XIII CENTURIES. CRUSADES

Lesson topic: The power of papal power. Catholic Church and heretics

Goals: introduce the sources of enrichment of the church; determine the reasons for the strengthening of the power of the church; explain the reasons for the church's struggle against heretics.

Planned results: subject: learn to explain the reasons for the church’s struggle against heretics; give figurative characteristics of the popes; distinguish between facts in an educational text and compare their arguments; formulate your own hypotheses on controversial issues in the history of the Middle Ages;

meta-subject UUD: independently organize educational interaction in a group; determine your own attitude to the phenomena of modern life; formulate your point of view; listen and hear each other; express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication; independently discover and formulate an educational problem; choose means of achieving the goal from those proposed, and also look for them yourself; give definitions of concepts; analyze, compare, classify and summarize facts and phenomena; voluntarily and consciously master the general technique for solving creative tasks; compose a story based on information from a textbook, an excerpt from chronicles, a literary source, or a diagram;

personal UUD: to form personal motivation to study new material; realize the importance of studying history for oneself and for society; express your attitude to the role of history in the life of society; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations.

Equipment: schemes “Three Estates in the Middle Ages”, “Division of Churches”, “Sources of the Church’s Wealth”; textbook illustrations; multimedia presentation.

Lesson type: discovery of new knowledge.

During the classes

Organizing time

Motivational-target stage

In previous lessons, we, like artists, painted the picture “Medieval Society”, stroke by stroke, studying the life of feudal lords, peasants, and townspeople. But our picture will be incomplete without talking about another group of the population - the clergy.

Updating knowledge

Why did the alliance between the Frankish king and the Christian Church arise?

Who were the members of the clergy?

How did the Christian Church acquire land holdings and dependent peasants?

What role did the Christian Church play in early medieval society?

When and under what circumstances was the state of the popes formed - the Papal States?

(Students' answers.)

IN XI-XIII centuries The church in Europe achieved great power. She did not recognize any borders, neither state nor language, and had enormous power in the Christian world. The life of society and man was inextricably linked with religion and the demands of the church.

Guess what questions we will consider in our lesson.

Announcement of the topic, educational results and progress of the lesson (presentation)

Lesson topic: “The power of papal power. The Catholic Church and the Heretics."

(Introduction to the lesson plan.)

Lesson Plan

1. First estate.

   The wealth of the church.

   Division of churches.

   The struggle of popes for secular power.

   Heretics and the fight against them by the Catholic Church.

Formulation of problematic questions for the lesson. Why was the Christian Church so powerful? Why did the Christian Church split? Why did the Catholic Church persecute heretics who believed in Christ and revered the Gospel with greater cruelty than pagans, Muslims and Jews?

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson

First Estate

Medieval religious thinkers argued that the world created by God was reasonable and harmonious. There are three layers of people, or classes, in society, and each person belongs to one of them from birth.

(Work with a dictionary.)

Estate - a social group that has certain rights and responsibilities assigned to it by custom or law and transmitted by inheritance.

What classes did thinkers distinguish?

Exercise: listen to the medieval parable, and then together we will name these classes.

Additional material

The purpose of sheep is to provide milk and wool, bulls are to plow the land, dogs are to protect sheep and bulls from wolves. God protects them if each species of these animals fulfills its duty. He also created classes to carry out various services in this world. He established some to pray for others, so that they, filled with kindness, would instruct people like sheep, feeding them with the milk of preaching, and instill in them an ardent love for God. He established for others that they, like bulls, provide life for themselves and others. Finally, he established for the third, like dogs, to show strength within the necessary limits, as if protecting from wolves; those who pray and who plow the land.

Questions for the class

What class prays for others and instills love for God?

Which class provides life for itself and others through its own labor?

Who protected the clergy and peasantry from enemies?

Correlate the classes of medieval society with the animals with which the author of the parable compares them.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram.)

Problematic question. Take a look at the diagram and determine which of the Middle Ages classes claimed the leading role? Why?

(Students' answers.)

Why were the clergy so honored and respected? To answer this question, we must understand that the people of the Middle Ages were very religious. They considered the main goal of their earthly life to be the salvation of the soul for the future eternal life. Without faith in God, without hope in His mercy, all other activities were meaningless. Salvation could only be achieved through prayer, renunciation of everything earthly, devoting oneself only to God.

Could any medieval person afford to devote the whole day to prayer? Why?

(Students' answers.)

You found out that not every representative of middle-class society was capable of this. Not everyone had time for prayer amid everyday work or military concerns.

Therefore, a special class arose - the clergy, whose members were, as it were, intermediaries between God and other people. They prayed for both “those who fought” and “those who worked,” saving them from God’s wrath and giving them hope for the Kingdom of Heaven. Christian morality required the fulfillment of the moral rules listed in the Bible.

Remember the commandments of Christ.

(Students complete the task.)

In Christian teaching there are concepts of sin and repentance. The Church taught us to never lose hope.

Which person was considered a role model in the Middle Ages? To answer this question, use additional material.

Additional material

One monk wrote: “Despise earthly riches so that you can gain heavenly riches.”

The Church called for helping the poor, arguing that the good sexes can earn a place in heaven: “The rich were created to save the Water Ones, and the poor were created to save the rich.”

The church was obliged to spend part of its income on helping the poor, the poor and the sick.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a diagram (see p. 102).)

The Wealth of the Church

We have formulated the signs of a holy man in the Middle Ages. To what extent did the church itself conform to this model?

Exercise: read the text of paragraph 2 § 16 and, having researched and analyzed ways to enrich the church, answer the question posed.

(Checking the completion of the task and drawing up a logical diagram.)

Division of churches

Until the middle of the 11th century. the Christian church was considered united. The main dogmas, i.e., the immutable truths of the Christian faith, were gradually developed and approved:

the doctrine of the Trinity (God is one, but exists in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit);

the incarnation of Christ from the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary;

The church is a mediator between God and people.

Over time, arose between the churches in the West and the East

or disagreements and noticeable differences. In Western Europe, the head of the church was the Pope, and in Byzantium - the Patriarch of Constantinople.

How was their relationship?

(Students complete the task.)

So, a sharp struggle began between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople.

What significant differences arose between the churches?Exercise: working with the text of paragraph 3 § 16, fill out the comparative

table “Differences between the Western and Eastern Churches.”

Comparison Questions

Western Church

Eastern Church

Dominion over the Christian Church

Language of worship

Attitude towards marriage

External differences of priests

The disagreements and differences you mentioned have led to the fact that1054 During the next conflict, the pope and the patriarch cursed each other - the final split of the Christian church into Western and Eastern occurred. Since then, the Western Church began to be calledCatholic (“worldwide”), and the eastern -Orthodox (“rightly glorifying God”). After the split, both churches became completely independent.

- Which branch of Christianity do we belong to: Catholic or Orthodox?

(Students' answers.)

PHYSMINUTE

4.The struggle of the popes for secular power

From the middle of the 9th century. The power of the pope was extremely weakened, its decline continued for about two centuries. This was facilitated by the collapse of the Frankish Empire, whose rulers supported the pope. After the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, proteges of the German emperors were elevated to the papal throne. The Church was losing influence on believers, its authority fell.

Exercise: Working with a multimedia presentation and a historical document, identify the reasons for the rise of papal power.

Slide 1. A movement began in the Catholic Church to strengthen papal power. Gregory VII (1073-1085) was elected pope. Unattractive in appearance, but warlike, capable and strong-willed, he was a man of indomitable energy and frantic fanaticism. Gregory VII wanted the complete subordination of all secular sovereigns to the Pope.

Slide 2. A fierce struggle broke out between Gregory VII and the German king Henry IV, who became Holy Roman Emperor, over the right to appoint bishops.

Exercise: study on p. 131 textbook historical document "Papal Dictate", compiled by Gregory VII, and answer the questions.

What is the essence of this document?

What allowed the head of the Catholic Church by the 11th century. acquire such power?

Which of the statements were addressed to the secular rulers of Europe at that time? Why?

(Checking the completion of the task.)

Slide 3. The king announced that Pope Gregory VII would henceforth lose power. He ended his letter to the pope with the words: “We, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all our bishops, say to you: get out!” In response to this message, Gregory VII released Henry's subjects from the oath of allegiance.- king and announced that he was deposing him from the throne. Taking advantage of this, the major feudal lords of Germany rebelled against Henry IV.

Slide 4. The king was forced to seek peace with the pope. In 1077, with a small retinue, he set off across the Alps to Italy. Pope took refuge in the castle of Canossa in the north of the country. For three days, Henry IV came to the castle walls in the clothes of a repentant sinner - in a shirt and barefoot. Finally he was admitted to the pope and you begged his forgiveness. But, having dealt with the rebellion of the feudal lords, Henry IV resumed the war against the pope and moved with his army to Italy. Fierce battles between the Romans and the troops of the German king took place on the streets of the Eternal City. The Normans arrived from the south of Italy to help the pope besieged in the Castle of Sant'Angelo, but the “helpers” plundered the city. Gregory VII was forced to leave with the Normans to the south of Italy, where he soon died.

Slide 5. The struggle between popes and emperors continued for more than 200 years with varying success. The feudal lords and cities of Germany and Italy were drawn into it, taking sides on one side or another.

Slide 6. In Western Europe, fragmented into many fiefdoms, the Catholic Church was the only cohesive organization. This allowed popes to fight for dominance over secular rulers. The main support of the popes were bishops and monasteries.

Slide 7. The power of the church reached its highest power under Innocent III (1198-1216), elected pope at the age of 37. He was endowed with a strong will, great intelligence and abilities. Innocent III argued that the pope was not only the successor of the Apostle Peter, but also the vicar of God himself on Earth, called to “rule over all nations and kingdoms.” At ceremonial receptions, everyone had to kneel before the pope and kiss his shoe. Such signs of honor were not given to any king in Europe.

Slide 8. Innocent III expanded the borders of the Papal States. He interfered in relations between states and in the internal affairs of European countries. At one time the pope elevated and deposed emperors. He was considered the highest judge in the Catholic world. The kings of England, Poland, and some states of the Iberian Peninsula recognized themselves as vassals of the pope.

Exercise: determine the reasons for the power of papal power and the XI-XIII centuries. Complete the phrases.

The church owned huge...

In a fragmented Europe, the church was...

(Checking the completion of the task.)

5. Heretics and the fight against them by the Catholic Church

Read the title of the paragraph and highlight its two semantic parts.

(Students' answers.)

We will split into two creative groups that will perform individual tasks.

Task for the first group: working with text p.5 § 16, answer the questions.

Who are heretics?

What were the heretics against?

Assignment for the second group: working with the text of paragraphs 6, 7, 8 of § 16, answer the question and complete the task.

Name the ways the Catholic Church fights heretics.

Formulate your own attitude to the methods of fighting heretics in the Middle Ages.

Presentation of the work of the first group

Heretics - people who openly criticized the church.

Views of heretics

It was argued that the church was mired in sin.

They rejected expensive church rituals and magnificent services.

They demanded that the clergy renounce their tithes, their land holdings and wealth.

Their only source of faith was the Gospel.

Priests and monks were condemned for forgetting “apostolic poverty.”

They set an example of a righteous life: they distributed their property to the poor and ate alms.

Some heretics demanded the renunciation of all property or dreamed of equality in property or predicted that in the near future the “millennial kingdom” would come? justice”, or “The Kingdom of God on earth”.

Presentation of the work of the second group

Ways of the Catholic Church to fight heretics

Excommunication.

An interdict is a ban on performing rituals and holding services.

Punitive military campaigns.

Creation of the Inquisition - a special church court.

Cruel punishments of heretics using torture.

Founding and support of mendicant orders of monks, (Checking the completion of the task.)

Summing up the lesson

Why was the Christian Church powerful in the Middle Ages?

Why did the Christian Church split?

Why did the Catholic Church persecute heretics who believed in Christ and revered the Gospel with greater cruelty than pagans, Muslims and Jews?

(Students' answers.)

The Middle Ages were a Christian civilization. The life of society and man was inextricably linked with religion, with the demands of the church. Who won: the church or the heretics? And the persecution of heretics, the Inquisition, and bonfires did not strengthen the influence of the Catholic Church on the souls of believers. They gave rise to fear; and faith lives by love and mercy. In this sense, the church was defeated, although it remained a powerful institution of power (Checking the completion of the task and summing up the lesson.)

Reflection

What new did you learn in the lesson?

What skills and abilities did you practice?

What new terms did you become familiar with?

What did you like and what didn’t you like about the lesson?

What conclusions did you draw?

Homework (differentiated)

For strong students - § 16, pair up with a classmate to create a dialogue between the Pope and the Emperor about which of them should have the highest power on Earth. Consider the arguments of both interlocutors.

For intermediate students - § 16, according to legend, Innocent III founded the Franciscan Order when he saw in a dream that Francis was supporting the shaky main cathedral of Rome with his shoulder. Explain how the Pope understood the meaning of his dream.

For weak students - § 16, questions and assignments for the paragraph.