The soldier of the three emperors Vasily Nikolayevich Kochetkov (1785-1892) - “the soldier of the three emperors”. He lived 107 years, of which over 60 years spent on active military service. It turns out that he has the longest service in the entire history of the Russian army. There are at least three publications with the same text about Vasily Kochetkov, and in the authoritative publications of that time - Government Gazette No. 192 of September 2, 1892, Military Clergy Bulletin No. 19 of October 1892, and the World Illustration magazine »No. 1249 of January 1, 1893. The only information about the soldier Kochetkov, first published in the Government Gazette, was then reprinted in the two other indicated editions. What is written about this soldier? Briefly recall. Kochetkov was born in the village of Spasskoe, Simbirsk province. He was a cantonist (soldier’s son). From the day they were born, cantonists were on the lists of the military department. He began to serve on March 7, 1811. He fought the entire Patriotic War of 1812. Then, as part of the Guards, he participated in the war with Turkey (1828–1829). In 1836, he served his 25 years, but did not leave the army. Seven years later he fought with the mountaineers of the Caucasus in the dragoon regiment. Wounded in both legs and neck was captured. When the wounds healed, he fled from captivity. At 64, I passed the exam for the first officer rank - second lieutenant. But he refused this title. He considered himself too old for a second lieutenant. By personal royal decree received, being again sergeant, two-thirds of the salary of second lieutenant. He was handed and officer lanyard on the sword. Finally, after 40 years of service, he retired. But after three years, with the highest permission, he went to Sevastopol, besieged by the enemy. At the Kornilov Bastion it was wounded by a shell. After 10 years, Kochetkov received a new “highest permission” - to go to war again. This time against the Kokand, Khiva and Bukhara khanates. He fought in the Turkestan cavalry-artillery brigade. He was already the 78th year. Without interrupting his service, at the age of 90 he went as a part of Russian volunteers to Serbia, which, together with Montenegro, waged war against Turkey. A year later, he participated in the war for the liberation of Bulgaria (1877–1878). On Shipka, a Turkish projectile tore off left leg to 93-year-old Kochetkov. He survived and served until his 107 years in the Guards Mounted-Artillery Brigade. He died on May 30, 1892, from heart failure, while passing through the Novgorod province. Famous artist Peter Borel made an engraving from his photograph. The picture was taken in the town of Vytegra, Novgorod Province, 11 days before the death of Vasily Kochetkov. We see on the engraving a unique uniform of the oldest serviceman. On the sleeve of his uniform - eight rows of gold and silver stripes for long service and distinction, as well as his rewards. He served in four branches of the army.

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Mental arithmetic negative feedback from parents and positive. What it is. How is the training, at what age to start classes? The whole truth about mental mathematics for children. Training video on Abacus accounts ..

From time to time in the field of education appear "fashion news". Recently, it has become fashionable to send children to study mental mathematics. I would like to understand what is it? Is it helpful to develop a child with this system? Are there any side effects of this method of learning?

Reading the advertisements of training centers for mental mathematics, it turned out that learning mental arithmetic has such advantages:

Due to the stimulation of fine motor skills of hands and a visual representation of the result of the calculation, the left hemisphere develops.

Due to the account in the mind and on the accounts of both the right and left hand, the right hemisphere develops.

Improving academic performance in all subjects, and even in teaching music.

The child develops the ability to succeed in any business.

All these advantages boil down to the fact that thanks to the practice of mental mathematics (or arithmetic, it’s the same thing) your child will be among 5% of successful people who achieve high results in everything. And this will happen due to the fact that classes will stimulate the uniform development of the two hemispheres of the brain. And according to scientists, it is from the harmonious development of both hemispheres that it depends on how successful a person is in life.

Mental arithmetic is also popular in Japan, the USA and Germany. Children in the form of a game overcome 10 levels. Each stage takes 3-4 months. Classes need to attend at least two times a week.

How is learning mental arithmetic (mathematics)?

Mental abilities of children develop due to mind counting. To train both hemispheres you need to constantly engage in solving arithmetic problems. After a short time, the child will have to solve complex problems without using a calculator. Count learn on the accounts. This is the basis of mental arithmetic. The child counts on the accounts with both hands, making calculations twice as fast. Children not only add and subtract in the accounts, but also learn to multiply, divide and even raise numbers to a power.

Turning to the next stage of learning, the child is already calculating in his mind, imagining abstract abacus in his head. Now this is mental arithmetic. Parents and teachers note that children, going to this level, begin to think creatively, this helps them to solve complex problems with ease. The child presents any example in the form of a picture, he sees it as bones in the accounts.

Ancient abacus is used on the first levels.– abacus. But they are slightly improved, they have two squares with knuckles for two hands. Children count with both hands, using both hemispheres.

These accounts have an ancient history. The first abacus abacus appeared in ancient Babylon and Egypt. Then they were adopted by the peoples of China and India. And they came to Europe only by the end of the VIII century.

When to start learning mental math

It is best to start teaching children from 4 to 12 years. Although, in some schools, children take up to 16 years. However, scientists believe that the human brain finishes its formation by the age of 12, therefore, children who have not crossed this threshold are easier to learn and get the best results in mental mathematics.

In the classroom, children are divided into subgroups according to their age categories. Training lasts 2.5 to a maximum of 3 years.

Opinion and feedback from parents about mental arithmetic

Parents learned from their own experience that it is still too early to give four-year-olds to classes in mental arithmetic. The course is very intensive, you have to study a lot, and the child can no longer want to learn at all.

In general, the opinion of parents about this technique is divided. Some note the growth of academic performance in all subjects, others say that the child is in a hurry, makes many mistakes. In negative reviews, parents also note that, solving complex examples in the mind, the child is not able to think logically, it is difficult to solve equations, that is, it can multiply, add, divide and add in a few seconds, and cannot find an unknown value in the equation for several hours.

In training, everything is strictly individual. If the child does not show interest in mental mathematics and does not want to devote time to it, then there is no point in forcing him to attend classes. Children engaged with hunting and interest achieve high results, and parents receive as a result all the claimed benefits of these classes: from the development of two hemispheres of the brain to the growth of creative potential.

From my own experience, I can say that for a child’s classes there must be a predisposition for mathematics and logical thinking, if the child is 100% humanitarian, his studies are unlikely to be carried away.

Therefore, the main advice: when recording a child for mental arithmetic, make sure he likes it. In this case, in three or four months there will indeed be positive changes.

In positive reviews, parents note that thanks to mental arithmetic, children learned:

concentrate on one lesson;

photographic memory skills;

think creatively;

be observant;

think logically;

develop imagination.

Easy way to become a genius or marketing?

And yet, let's face it. Mental mathematics is just one of the methods of oral counting and brain training, plus excellent marketing, nothing more. There are other techniques. There are other options for brain training: learning languages, doing crossword puzzles, playing chess, logic puzzles, etc.

As for the work both hemispheres brainThere are many different theories. For example, Professor Makoto Shichida wrote that it is important to develop the right hemisphere of the brain in the first years of a child’s life, because by three years the left hemisphere will become dominant. Do not force the development of the left hemisphere of the brain, giving puzzles on logic and encyclopedic knowledge to kids up to 3 years. This is how in the future you can achieve synchronous work of both hemispheres.

Indeed, the skills of the skill account help to concentrate attention and to keep several things in a short-term memory at the same time, to apply a certain algorithm at the right time, etc. The main plus is that the oral account, in addition to training the brain, will help the child quickly perform simple account operations in everyday situations when there is no calculator at hand.
   I believe that the benefits of mental arithmetic are clearly exaggerated, if a certain child has achieved incredible success, allegedly thanks to this technique, it’s far from a fact your child will follow in his footsteps.

Develop the abilities of your children wisely, get acquainted with new, interesting techniques, but do not overload and do not force them to engage.

Video mental arithmetic Abacus

Mental Math. Addition

Mental Math. Repetition and continuation

Recently, a new method of developing intelligence for our country is beginning to gain popularity. Instead of the usual chess sections, parents send their children to mental arithmetic schools. How kids are taught to count in their minds, how much such lessons cost and what experts say about them - in the article “AIF-Volgograd”.

What is mental arithmetic?

Mental arithmetic is a Japanese method of developing the child’s intellectual abilities through calculations on special “soroban” accounts, sometimes called “abacus”.

“Making the actions with numbers in the mind, children imagine these scores and in a split second mentally add, subtract, multiply and divide any numbers - even three-digit, even six-digit,” says Natalya Chaplieva, teacher of the Volga clubin which children are taught according to this method.

According to her, when children only learn all these actions, they count the numbers directly on the sorobane, turning over the bones with their fingers. Then they gradually move from the account to the "mental map" - a picture depicting them. At this stage of learning, they stop touching the abacus and begin to imagine in their mind how they move the bones on it. Then, the children stop using the mental map, starting to visualize the soroban completely.

Sorrowful abacus. Photo: AIF / Evgeny Strokan

“We recruit children from 4 to 12 years old. At this age, the brain is the most plastic, the child absorbs information like a sponge, and therefore easily masters the method of learning. It is much more difficult for an adult to learn the mental score, ”says Ekaterina Grigorieva, teacher of the club of mental arithmetic.

How much is it?

The abacus has a rectangular frame that contains 23-31 knitting needles, on each of which there are 5 stones strung together, separated by a transverse crossbar. Above it is one knuckle, which stands for "five", and under it - 4 knuckles, denoting units.

It is necessary to move the bones only with two fingers - thumb and forefinger. Sorobane score starts with the very first knitting needle on the right. It denotes units. The spoke to the left of it is dozens, the next for it are hundreds, etc.

Soroban in regular stores is not for sale. Buy such scores can be on the Internet. Depending on the number of knitting needles and material, the price of litter can vary from 170 to 1 000 rubles.

At the first stage, children deal with bills. Photo: AIF / Evgeny Strokan

If you do not want to spend money on bills at all, you can download a free application for your phone - an online simulator that simulates an abacus.

Mental arithmetic classes for children in Volgograd cost about 500-600 rubles per hour. You can buy a subscription for 8 classes for 4 000 rubles and 16 classes for 7 200 rubles. Classes are held 2 times a week. Abacus, mental maps and notebooks Volga school provides children for free, their students can take them home. At the end of the course, the child can leave a sorban for memory.

Children can learn mental arithmetic for about 1-2 years, depending on their abilities.

Tasks for students. Photo: AIF / Evgeny Strokan

If you do not have money for classes in a special school, then you can try to look for video tutorials on YouTube. True, some of them are posted on the website by organizations that provide lessons for money for the purpose of self-promotion. Their videos are quite short - lasting 3 minutes. With the help of them you can learn the basics of mental arithmetic, but no more.

What do experts say about this?

The teachers conducting mental arithmetic are confident that the training is worth the money spent on it.

“Mental arithmetic is good at developing the imagination, the creative vein of a child, his thinking, memory, fine motor skills, attentiveness, perseverance. Her studies are aimed at ensuring that the child develops both hemispheres at the same time, which is very important, because the traditional preparation of the child for school develops only the right hemisphere of the brain, ”says teacher Natalia Chapliev.

Psychologist Natalia Oreshkina  believes that in the case of children 4-5 years of age, mental arithmetic will be effective only if they are in a game form.

“Children of this age can hardly concentrate at all on such a time, unless it is a question of watching a cartoon,” says the expert. - But if the lesson is built in the form of a game, if the children are engaged in the accounts, paint something, they will learn the knowledge of being in a natural environment - in the game. In addition, children should not be hard, do not exceed the permissible level of load. For example, for 4-year school classes should go no more than 30 minutes. I can say that mental arithmetic for children is very interesting. But if a child lags behind his peers in some way, then such activities will be too heavy for him. If a child does not have an internal resource for classes, it will be a waste of time, effort and money. ”

Understanding how body physiology adapts to exercises will help develop effective workout programs for your fitness goals.

The human body is made up of different types of muscle fibers, which are classified according to how they produce energy. Different muscle fibers need to be trained with the help of special exercises, which should focus on how exactly the energy is produced or the power generated. Although many different types of muscle fibers have been identified (I, IC, IIC, IIA, IIB, IIA and IIX), they are usually divided into two groups: slowly contracting and rapidly contracting.

Slowly contracting muscle fibers (I-type)

1. Slowly twitching fibers contain a large number of mitochondria — organelles that use oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a chemical that plays the role of fuel in muscle contraction. Therefore, such abbreviations are considered aerobic.

2. Slow fibers are also called red fibers. They are intensively supplied with blood, which supplies myoglobin, which is why the red color is created.

3. Because they provide their own source of energy, they can maintain a sufficient level of force for a long period of time. But slowly twitching muscle fibers themselves unable to generate high levels of this power.

4. Slow fibers have low activation threshold, that is, the first are involved in work during physical activity. If they are unable to generate the necessary levels of force required for this type of activity, fast-cutting fibers are connected to work.

5. The muscles responsible for maintaining a certain position of the body, to a greater extent consist of slowly twitching fibers.

6. Static Endurance Training  help to increase mitochondrial density, which in turn leads to increased efficiency, as the body will use more oxygen to produce ATP.

As can be seen from the above, the features of slow-cutting fibers are caused by the way they function. Which means that for their training the most effective is an aerobic exercise program.

Training methods for slow-cutting fibers:

Exercises that imply long-term isometric contraction with little movement will help improve the ability of slow-twitch fibers to use oxygen for energy. Examples of exercises: plank, side plank, keeping balance on one leg (exercise "swallow").

Exercises on resistance using light weights, performed at a slow pace, but with a large number of repetitions (from 15 and above), cause slow-twitch fibers to use aerobic metabolism to maintain activity.

Circuit training with the use of light weight, which includes the transition from one exercise to another with minimal rest (or without it at all), is able to challenge the slow-cutting fibers.

Exercises with your own body weight and a large number of repetitions well activate aerobic metabolism, which will make the work of slow-cutting fibers more efficient.

When training with your own weight or with a slight additional weight, use short rest intervals (about 30 seconds between sets). This will provide the challenge to slow-cutting fibers and force them to use aerobic metabolism as a fuel for training.

Rapidly contracting muscle fibers (type II)

1. Fast-cutting fibers are divided into 2 groups:

•   fast-tapering IIa — fast oxidative (use oxygen to convert glycogen to ATP);
•   fast-cutting IIb - fast glycolytic (using ATP, which is stored in muscle cells as glycogen to generate energy).

2. Fast cutting fibers have high activation thresholdtherefore, they are only put into operation when the need for strength is greater than slow-cutting fibers can provide.

3. Fast fibers take less time to reach peak strength. In addition, they can generate more strength than slow fibers.

4. Although they generate more strength, they also get tired faster.

5. The muscles responsible for creating movement are more composed of fast fibers.

6. Training for strength and strength increases the number of rapidly contracting muscle fibers involved in a particular movement.

7.  Fast twitching fibers are responsible for the size and expressiveness of the muscles.

8. Fast fiber type called "White fibers", as it is poorly supplied with blood and does not have such a saturated color as the second type.

As can be seen from the above, the characteristics fast cutting fibers require strength and strength training, as well as the development of explosive power. If you want to maximize the use of fast fibers in your workouts to increase strength and strength, here are some specific methods that will help.

Training methods for fast cutting fibers:

Heavy weight training causes muscles to activate more muscle fibers. The heavier the weight, the more fast-cutting fibers will be involved.

Performing explosive movements, as well as strength exercises using a barbell, weights or a dumbbell, will ensure the work of a larger number of muscle fibers.

- Fast twitching fibers quickly get tired.  Therefore, we must focus on using heavy weights, but only up to a certain number of repetitions (for example, from two to six) in order to achieve the maximum effect.

Because fast fibers quickly deplete energy, longer periods of rest are required during workouts so that the muscle muscles have enough time to recover and replenish ATP stores. Therefore, after each explosive or power exercises it is worth making pauses with a duration of 60-90 seconds.

Genetics determines the amount of each type of muscle fiber in our body. However, an understanding of which type, quickly or slowly declining, is the dominant type, will help to build the right training program. Therefore, if you find that, as a rule, you practice endurance training, and they are relatively easy for you, you are probably the owner of a large number of slow-cutting fibers. Conversely, if you prefer physical activity, which provides for short explosive movements or training with a lot of weight, then a rapidly diminishing type of fiber dominates in your body.

An exercise program that applies the right workout strategies to your muscle fibers will help maximize the effectiveness of the loads.published by econet.ru

Table of characteristics of muscle fiber types

P.S. And remember, just changing your consumption - we are changing the world together! © econet

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Good afternoon, dear readers! Being brilliant today is simple. If earlier this required talent and amazing abilities, then today there are enough lessons in a specially developed technique. If you want your child to start counting as a calculator, to show knowledge in mathematics, it is worth getting acquainted with the Japanese program of learning mathematics. Mental arithmetic: what is it, and is it possible to work on it at home?

Metal arithmetic is an ancient way to learn fast counting. However, today, teachers set themselves the goal of not only teaching computation speeds, but also developing thinking. Earlier, we already got acquainted with the technique of quick memorization of words, which is called mnemonics, today we will speak about exact sciences.

What is mental arithmetic? Consider in more detail. The technique is based on the principles of work of both hemispheres. The left is responsible for logic, speech, analysis, rationality, while the right is responsible for dreams, imagination, spontaneity. By simultaneously engaging both hemispheres, one can achieve amazing success.

How is mental arithmetic learning done?

Mental arithmetic is taught in special schools where children from 4 to 16 years of age study. During the period of study, they pass 10-12 levels, with each level lasting for 3-4 months. Classes are held 1-2 times a week.

As a result, after 1-1.5 years, the child can do various calculations with four to five-digit numbers in the mind.

The work takes place with a tool similar to the abacus - abacus. Abacus is the main tool with which they teach mental arithmetic. First, the guys learn to work with them physically, fingering the bones with the fingers of both hands.

Gradually, with each workout, the abacus is increasingly becoming part of the imagination. Subsequently, the children are already fully based on imaginary scores.

Although the focus is on the methodology of teaching computation, it is also intended to refer to the students' personal side. Do you want your baby to become purposeful, diligent, independent? Mental arithmetic develops these qualities.

Unfortunately, schools where mental arithmetic is taught charge tuition, and are still quite high. The question arises: is it possible to study mental arithmetic on your own, at home?

Unfortunately, at this stage in the development of science, this will be very difficult. Special and publicly available literature on the issue does not exist, and the abacus is extremely difficult to get. Having no precise idea of ​​the method can only harm the child. So at the moment, only those who pay for classes can become geniuses.

After official lessons, children are given homework assignments. Basically, these are pages of examples designed to perpetuate skills.

So, what are the advantages we saw in this program?

• The development of not only mathematical abilities, but also independence, attention, perseverance.
• Improving school performance.
• Improving personal qualities, self-confidence.

But is it all so cloudless in this matter, as it seems?

Parents reviews about mental arithmetic

First, it is worth considering parents' feedback on the effectiveness of mental arithmetic. They are able to point out all the shortcomings of the method.

As it turned out, not everything goes so smoothly in the development of children, as the teachers of the course present. Many children are really beginning to quickly count in their minds, but in other subjects in school, and sometimes in mathematics, there has been no change or improvement in academic performance.

Such messages come very often. Why it happens? Or are the Japanese wrong in their calculations and observations?

The fact is that the technique is differently reflected in the thinking of children. In some, it activates the work of both hemispheres, while in others the left hemisphere ceases to function at all.

As a result, the child solves examples exclusively automatically. When it comes to more complex tasks, it is difficult for him to understand the course of the decision, to restore the logical chain. Only “bare” calculations remain in the mind, and the child does not know where to apply them.

Much depends on the quality of teaching. Since this is a Japanese method, in Russia it is still far from its full implementation. Perhaps, therefore, the results do not always meet expectations.

Some teachers of new schools refer to the idea as the next profitable business project. Their task is to charge more money from parents for education, but they do not care about the quality of knowledge.

It turns out that the child masters the ability to quickly count in the mind, but no one tells him where and how to put this skill into practice.

Unfortunately, the desire to get geniuses, based only on the methods of training and training, is a fiasco. Of course, it is possible to achieve high results in the development of children's opportunities, but how much will the person suffer from this? Wouldn't it be better to direct the forces towards harmonious mental development?

Now, dear parents, you met and learned what it is mental arithmetic. The choice is yours.